Com relação aos conceitos e às leis da Termodinâmica, assinale V para a afirmativa verdadeira e F para a falsa.

Let's break down the correct answer, alternative B) F, V, and F.

The first statement "( ) Todo processo em que um gás parte de um estado de equilíbrio termodinâmico e a ele retorna, necessariamente, reversível." is FALSE. This is because not all processes that start and end in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium are reversible. Reversibility is a characteristic of idealized processes, and in reality, most processes are irreversible.

The second statement "( ) A variação da entropia de um gás que evolui de um estado de equilíbrio termodinâmico para outro, é a mesma, quer o processo tenha sido reversível ou irreversível." is TRUE. The entropy change of a system is a state function, meaning it only depends on the initial and final states of the system, not on the path taken to get from one state to another. Therefore, the entropy change is the same regardless of whether the process is reversible or irreversible.

The third statement "( ) A 2ª Lei da Termodinâmica afirma que a energia do Universo é constante." is FALSE. The second law of thermodynamics states that the total entropy of an isolated system always increases over time, except in reversible processes. It does not say that the energy of the universe is constant.

Therefore, the correct answer is alternative B) F, V, and F.

Note that the second law of thermodynamics is a fundamental principle that describes the direction of spontaneous processes and the concept of entropy. It is essential to understand the differences between reversible and irreversible processes and how they affect the entropy change of a system.