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Questões Sobre Sinônimos | Synonyms - Inglês - concurso

Questão 1

What is organized crime?

      Organized crime was characterised by the United Nations,
in 1994, as: “group organization to commit crime; hierarchical
links or personal relationships which permit leaders to control
the group: violence, intimidation and corruption used to earn
profits or control territories or markets; laundering of illicit
proceeds both in furtherance of criminal activity and to infiltrate
the legitimate economy; the potential for expansion into any new
activities and beyond national borders; and cooperation with
other organized transnational criminal groups.”
      It is increasingly global. Although links between, for
example, mafia groups in Italy and the USA have existed for
decades, new and rapid means of communication have facilitated
the development of international networks. Some build on shared
linguistic or cultural ties, such as a network trafficking drugs
and human organs, which links criminal gangs in Mozambique,
Portugal, Brazil, Pakistan, Dubai and South Africa. Others bring
together much less likely groups, such as those trafficking arms,
drugs and people between South Africa, Nigeria, Pakistan and
Russia, or those linking the Russian mafia with Colombian
cocaine cartels or North American criminal gangs with the
Japanese Yakuza. Trafficked commodities may pass from group
to group along the supply chain; for instance heroin in Italy
has traditionally been produced in Afghanistan, transported by
Turks, distributed by Albanians, and sold by Italians.
      Organized crime exploits profit opportunities wherever
they arise. Globalization of financial markets, with free
movement of goods and capital, has facilitated smuggling of
counterfeit goods (in part a reflection of the creation of global
brands), internet fraud, and money-laundering. On the other
hand, organized crime also takes advantage of the barriers to
free movement of people across national borders and the laws
against non-medicinal use of narcotics: accordingly it earns vast
profits in smuggling migrants and psychoactive drugs. Briquet
and Favarel have identified deregulation and the “rolling back
of the state” in some countries as creating lacunae that have
been occupied by profiteers. The political changes in Europe
in the late 1980s fuelled the growth in criminal networks, often
involving former law enforcement officers. Failed states, such
as the Democratic Republic of Congo or Sierra Leone, have
provided further opportunities as criminal gangs smuggle arms
in and commodities out, for example diamonds, gold, and rare
earth metals, often generating violence against those involved
in the trade and in the surrounding communities. Finally, there
are a few states, such as the Democratic Republic of Korea and
Burma and Guinea-Bissau (once described as a narco-state)
where politicians have been alleged to have played an active role
in international crime.
     Organized criminal gangs have strong incentives. Compared
with legitimate producers, they have lower costs of production
due to the ability to disregard quality and safety standards,
tax obligations, minimum wages or employee benefits. Once
established, they may threaten or use violence to eliminate
competitors, and can obtain favourable treatment by regulatory
authorities either through bribes or threats.
(www.globalizationandhealth.com. Adaptado)

No trecho do segundo parágrafo – Trafficked commodities may
pass from group to group along the supply chain; for instance
heroin in Italy has traditionally been produced in Afghanistan,
transported by Turks, distributed by Albanians, and sold by
Italians. – a expressão for instance pode ser substituída, sem
alteração de sentido, por

  • A)for example.
  • B)likely.
  • C)because.
  • D)as well as.
  • E)however.
FAZER COMENTÁRIO

A alternativa correta é A)

No contexto apresentado, a expressão "for instance" é utilizada para introduzir um exemplo específico que ilustra a afirmação anterior sobre as mercadorias traficadas passarem de grupo para grupo ao longo da cadeia de suprimentos. Analisando as opções:

A expressão "for example" (opção A) é sinônima direta de "for instance", ambas significando "por exemplo" em português e servindo para apresentar exemplos concretos que corroboram uma ideia geral.

As demais alternativas não mantêm o mesmo sentido: "likely" (provável) indica probabilidade, "because" (porque) introduz causa, "as well as" (bem como) adiciona informação complementar, e "however" (no entanto) expressa contraste.

Portanto, a substituição adequada que preserva integralmente o sentido original é "for example".

Questão 2

                                                   Is blue growth the beginning or 
                                                        end of a healthier ocean?
March 17th 2015
Across the globe, countries are increasingly looking seaward in search of new economic opportunities, including oil, gas, and mineral extraction from the sea floor, renewable energy development, and biotechnology.
The push to expand this so-called “blue economy” comes at a time when the ecological health of the oceans is seriously degraded. Last year, the Economist’s World Ocean Summit concluded with a resounding consensus that more needs to be done to protect and restore the world’s seas, especially the high seas. Will blue growth help or harm efforts to achieve a healthier ocean ecosystem?
The U.N. has proposed ambitious sustainable development goals relating to ocean health. They include reducing pollution from agriculture run-off, decreasing untreated sewage and solid waste, rebuilding depleted fish stocks, and protecting and restoring natural habitats.
A healthy ocean ecosystem is a public good—both locally and globally. Mangroves, corals, and salt marshes protect  coastal towns from storms. Oceans store carbon and produce oxygen that benefits us all. And areas of high biodiversity support global fisheries and are essential for resilient and productive oceans.
These natural benefits can remain intact if nations encourage—and even require—participants in the blue economy to reinvest the economic capital created from that economy in the natural capital of marine and coastal ecosystems; namely by restoring degraded habitats, protecting healthy ones, and financing blue economy “greening” efforts.
Channeling the new wealth of a growing blue economy into projects that will build a healthier ocean will require new financial tools. For instance, a global ocean trust fund, eco taxes, or user fees could be managed at the global level (say the U.N., World Bank, or the Global Environmental Facility) or even at a regional level, perhaps through existing regional seas organisations.
But for now the blue economy needs to aim higher than merely to do no harm. Converting blue economic capital into blue natural capital can raise all boats and produce a healthier, more sustainable blue economy.
                       (http://www.economistinsights.com/opinion/blue-growth-beginning-or-endhealthier-ocean)

A palavra “good” em “A healthy ocean ecosystem is a public good” significa:

  • A)bem.
  • B)bom.
  • C)beleza.
  • D)benéfico.
FAZER COMENTÁRIO

A alternativa correta é A)

O termo "good" na expressão "A healthy ocean ecosystem is a public good" refere-se ao conceito econômico de "bem público", que são bens ou serviços disponíveis para todos os membros de uma sociedade, sem exclusão e sem rivalidade no consumo. Neste contexto, "good" não se traduz como adjetivo (bom/benéfico) nem como qualidade abstrata (beleza), mas sim como substantivo que designa um "bem" no sentido de patrimônio coletivo. A saúde dos oceanos é apresentada como um bem comum que beneficia toda a humanidade, reforçando a ideia de que sua preservação é responsabilidade compartilhada.

Questão 3

Read the sentence below, taken from the text, to answer  question.
“A malnourished person finds that their body has difficulty doing normal things such as growing and resisting disease.”
Choose the alternative that presents the word that can properly substitute the idiom “such as” in the sentence above.

  • A)Unless.
  • B)Other than.
  • C)Take out.
  • D)Like.
  • E)Save.
FAZER COMENTÁRIO

A alternativa correta é D)

O idioma "such as" na frase em questão tem a função de introduzir exemplos, indicando que "growing and resisting disease" são instâncias específicas das "normal things" mencionadas. Na língua portuguesa, a expressão equivalente em significado e função é "como", que cumpre exatamente o mesmo papel de exemplificação.

Analisando as alternativas:

  • A) "Unless" significa "a menos que" ou "a não ser que", introduzindo uma condição, não exemplos.
  • B) "Other than" significa "além de" ou "diferente de", indicando exclusão ou adição, não exemplificação.
  • C) "Take out" é um verbo frasal que significa "retirar" ou "remover", completamente inadequado para o contexto.
  • D) "Like" significa "como" e é amplamente utilizado para introduzir exemplos, sendo sinônimo direto de "such as".
  • E) "Save" como preposição significa "exceto" ou "salvo", indicando exceção, não exemplos.

Portanto, a alternativa D) "Like" é a única que mantém o significado original de fornecer exemplos, tornando-se a substituição adequada para "such as" na sentença.

Questão 4

What is malnutrition?
    A malnourished person finds that their body has difficulty doing normal things such as growing and resisting disease. Physical work becomes problematic and even learning abilities can be diminished. For women, pregnancy becomes risky and they cannot be sure of producing nourishing breast milk.
   When a person is not getting enough food or not getting the right sort of food, malnutrition is just around the corner. Even if people get enough to eat, they will become malnourished if the food they eat does not provide the proper amounts of micronutrients – vitamins and minerals – to meet daily nutritional requirements.
   Disease and malnutrition are closely linked. Sometimes disease is the result of malnutrition, sometimes it is a contributing cause. In fact, malnutrition is the largest single contributor to disease in the world, according to the UN’s Standing Committee on Nutrition (SCN).
Window of opportunity
The first two years of life are a critical “window of opportunity”. In this period it is possible to prevent the largely irreversible damage that follows early childhood undernutrition. WFP’s operations routinely focus on the earliest phase of life, i.e. from conception (-9 months) to 24 months of age. We try to ensure under-twos receive the vitamins and minerals they need.
   There are two sides to eliminating malnutrition: sustaining the quality and quantity of food a person eats and ensuring adequate health care and a healthy environment.

Choose the alternative that presents the synonym of the noun “malnourishment“.

  • A)Nourishment.
  • B)Poor.
  • C)Underdeveloped.
  • D)Nurturing.
  • E)Malnutrition.
FAZER COMENTÁRIO

A alternativa correta é E)

O substantivo "malnourishment" possui como sinônimo direto a palavra "malnutrition", que corresponde à alternativa E. Ambas as palavras se referem à condição de carência nutricional, seja por insuficiência quantitativa ou qualitativa de alimentos, resultando em deficiências no desenvolvimento físico e mental, na capacidade de resistir a doenças e no bem-estar geral do indivíduo. Enquanto "nourishment" (A) significa nutrição adequada, "poor" (B) é um adjetivo que indica pobreza ou baixa qualidade, "underdeveloped" (C) refere-se a subdesenvolvimento e "nurturing" (D) significa nutrir ou cuidar, nenhum desses termos captura o sentido específico de carência nutricional expresso por "malnourishment". Portanto, a alternativa correta é E) Malnutrition.

Questão 5

                                      What causes hunger?

      The world produces enough to feed the entire global
population of 7 billion people. And yet, one person in eight on
the planet goes to bed hungry each night. In some countries,
one child in three is underweight. Why does hunger exist? There
are many reasons for the presence of hunger in the world and
they are often interconnected. Here are six that we think are
important.  

      Poverty trap

      People living in poverty cannot afford nutritious food for
themselves and their families. This makes them weaker and less
able to earn the money that would help them escape poverty
and hunger. This is not just a day-to-day problem: when children
are chronically malnourished, or ‘stunted’, it can affect their
future income, condemning them to a life of poverty and hunger.
In developing countries, farmers often cannot afford seeds, so
they cannot plant the crops that would provide for their families.
They may have to cultivate crops without the tools and fertilizers
they need. Others have no land or water or education. In short,
the poor are hungry and their hunger traps them in poverty. 

      Lack of investment in agriculture

      Too many developing countries lack key agricultural
infrastructure, such as enough roads, warehouses and irrigation.
The results are high transport costs, lack of storage facilities and
unreliable water supplies. All conspire to limit agricultural yields
and access to food. Investments in improving land management,
using water more efficiently and making more resistant seed
types available can bring big improvements. Research by the
UN Food and Agriculture Organization shows that investment in
agriculture is five times more effective in reducing poverty and
hunger than investment in any other sector. 

      Climate and weather

      Natural disasters such as floods, tropical storms and long
periods of drought are on the increase – with calamitous
consequences for the hungry poor in developing countries.
Drought is one of the most common causes of food shortages in
the world. In 2011, recurrent drought caused crop failures and
heavy livestock losses in parts of Ethiopia, Somalia and Kenya.
In 2012 there was a similar situation in the Sahel region of West
Africa. In many countries, climate change is exacerbating  already adverse natural conditions. Increasingly, the world’s
fertile farmland is under threat from erosion, salination and
desertification. Deforestation by human hands accelerates the
erosion of land which could be used for growing food.

      War and displacement

      Across the globe, conflicts consistently disrupt farming and
food production. Fighting also forces millions of people to flee
their homes, leading to hunger emergencies as the displaced
find themselves without the means to feed themselves. The
conflict in Syria is a recent example. In war, food sometimes
becomes a weapon. Soldiers will starve opponents into
submission by seizing or destroying food and livestock and
systematically wrecking local markets. Fields are often mined
and water wells contaminated, forcing farmers to abandon their
land. Ongoing conflict in Somalia and the has contributed
significantly to the level of hunger in the two countries. By
comparison, hunger is on the retreat in more peaceful parts of
Africa such as Ghana and Rwanda.  

      Unstable markets

      In recent years, the price of food products has been very
unstable. Roller-coaster food prices make it difficult for the
poorest people to access nutritious food consistently. The poor
need access to adequate food all year round. Price spikes may
temporarily put food out of reach, which can have lasting
consequences for small children. When prices rise, consumers
often shift to cheaper, less-nutritious foods, heightening the risks
of micronutrient deficiencies and other forms of malnutrition.  

      Food wastage

      One third of all food produced (1.3 billion tons) is never
consumed. This food wastage represents a missed opportunity
to improve global food security in a world where one in 8 is
hungry. Producing this food also uses up precious natural
resources that we need to feed the planet. Each year, food that
is produced but not eaten guzzles up a volume of water
equivalent to the annual flow of Russia’s Volga River. Producing
this food also adds 3.3 billion tons of greenhouse gases to the
atmosphere, with consequences for the climate and, ultimately,
for food production. 

Choose the alternative that presents the phrasal verb that,
once conjugated, can properly replace “on the retreat” in
the sentence below.

“[ ] hunger is on the retreat in more peaceful parts of
Africa such as Ghana and Rwanda.”

  • A)Hang up.
  • B)Find out.
  • C)Call off.
  • D)Use up.
  • E)Back of.
FAZER COMENTÁRIO

A alternativa correta é E)

O phrasal verb que pode substituir adequadamente "on the retreat" no contexto da frase é back off (alternativa E).

A expressão "on the retreat" significa estar em recuo, diminuindo ou retrocedendo. Na frase original, indica que a fome está diminuindo nas regiões mais pacíficas da África.

Entre as opções apresentadas:

A) Hang up - significa desligar o telefone ou suspender algo

B) Find out - significa descobrir ou averiguar

C) Call off - significa cancelar ou adiar

D) Use up - significa esgotar ou consumir completamente

E) Back off - significa recuar, afastar-se ou diminuir a intensidade

O phrasal verb "back off" é o que melhor captura a ideia de recuo e diminuição expressa por "on the retreat" no contexto do combate à fome.

Questão 6

When I ………………… a long time, very patiently, without ………………… him lie down, I resolved to open a little — a very, very little crevice in the lantern. So I opened it — you cannot imagine how stealthily,
stealthily — until, at length, a single dim ray, like the thread of the spider, shot from out the crevice and full upon the vulture eye.

                                                                                   Extracted from The Tell-Tale Heart by Edgar Allan Poe

Choose the words that best keep the meaning of the original sentence if they are substituted for the underlined words.

  • A)a common bright ray
  • B)a general shining ray
  • C)one and only clear ray
  • D)an ordinary unclear ray
  • E)a unique fairly dark ray
FAZER COMENTÁRIO

A alternativa correta é E)

O trecho sublinhado "a single dim ray" descreve um único raio de luz fraco e escasso que emerge da lanterna. Analisando as opções:

A) "a common bright ray" - Incorreto, pois "common" (comum) e "bright" (brilhante) contradizem a ideia de singularidade e penumbra do original.

B) "a general shining ray" - Incorreto, pois "general" (geral) não transmite a singularidade, e "shining" (brilhante) não corresponde à qualidade "dim" (fraca) da luz.

C) "one and only clear ray" - Incorreto, pois embora "one and only" capture a singularidade, "clear" (nítido/claro) contradiz "dim" (fraca/tênue).

D) "an ordinary unclear ray" - Incorreto, pois "ordinary" (ordinário) não equivale a "single" (único), e "unclear" (não claro) é vago, não transmitindo a nuance específica de "dim".

E) "a unique fairly dark ray" - Correto, pois "unique" (único) corresponde perfeitamente a "single", e "fairly dark" (razoavelmente escuro) preserva a essência de "dim" como uma luz fraca e insuficiente, mantendo o tom sombrio e meticuloso da narrativa.

Questão 7

TEXT 2

                    Gabriel García Márquez was a Literary Giant
                               With a Passion for Journalism
                      By Karla Zabludovsky Friday, April 18,2014

      The late Gabriel García Márquez holds a special place in the hearts of journalists.
      Like Charles Dickens, Mark Twain and Ernest Hemingway — or contemporaries like Pete Hamill and Tom Wolfe — García Márquez, a titan of 20th century literature, honed his writing skills as a reporter
before he became a celebrated novelist.
      Even as his literary star rose, García Márquez, known colloquially across Latin America as Gabo, spoke proudly, tenderly and frequently about journalism.
      “Those who are self-taught are avid and quick, and during those bygone times, we were that to a great extent in order to keep paving the way for the best profession in the world… as we ourselves called
it,” said García Márquez during a speech about journalism at the 52nd Assembly of the Inter American Press Association in 1996.

                                                                                                                                             Newsweek Magazine

Choose the letter that best defines the phrase bygone times in the passage.

  • A)by the present time
  • B)occurring at this time
  • C)a period time in the past
  • D)a short time ago
  • E)most recent time
FAZER COMENTÁRIO

A alternativa correta é C)

A expressão "bygone times" no texto refere-se a "a period time in the past" (um período no passado), conforme a opção C. No contexto, García Márquez utiliza essa expressão para evocar uma época anterior, destacando como os jornalistas daquela época eram ávidos e rápidos, referindo-se a um momento histórico já transcorrido, não ao presente ou a um tempo recente.

Questão 8

                                                     Generation Y
                                                                                     By Sally Kane, About.com Guide

Born in the mid-1980’s and later, Generation Y legal professionals are in their 20s and are just entering the workforce. With numbers estimated as high as 70 million, Generation Y (also –1- as the Millennials) is the fastest growing segment of today’s workforce. As law firms compete for available talent, employers cannot ignore the needs, desires and attitudes of this vast generation. Below are a few common traits that define Generation Y.

Tech-Savvy: Generation Y grew up with technology and rely on it to perform their jobs better. Armed with BlackBerrys, laptops, cellphones and other gadgets, Generation Y is plugged-in 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. This generation prefers to communicate through e-mail and text messaging rather than face-to-face contact and -2- webinars and online technology to traditional lecture-based presentations.

Family-Centric: The fast-track has lost much of its appeal for Generation Y who is willing to trade high pay for fewer billable hours, flexible schedules and a better work/life balance. While older generations may view this attitude as narcissistic or lacking commitment, discipline and drive, Generation Y legal professionals have a different vision of workplace expectations and prioritize family over work.

Achievement-Oriented: Nurtured and pampered -3- parents who did not want to make the mistakes of the previous generation, Generation Y is confident, ambitious and achievement-oriented. They have high expectations of their employers, seek out new challenges and are not afraid to question authority. Generation Y wants meaningful work and a solid learning curve

Team-Oriented: As children, Generation Y participated in team sports, play groups and other group activities. They value teamwork and seek the input and affirmation of others. Part of a no-person-left-behind generation, Generation Y is loyal, committed and wants to be included and involved.

Attention-Craving: Generation Y craves attention in the forms of feedback and guidance. They appreciate being kept in the loop and seek frequent praise and reassurance. Generation Y may benefit greatly from mentors who can help guide and develop their young careers.

Font: http://legalcareers.about.com/od/practicetips/a/Ge…

No primeiro parágrafo, o termo available pode ser traduzido como:

  • A)Disponível.
  • B)Óbvio.
  • C)Necessário.
  • D)Implacável.
  • E)Avaliável.
FAZER COMENTÁRIO

A alternativa correta é A)

No contexto do texto, a palavra available refere-se ao talento existente e acessível no mercado de trabalho. A tradução correta para o português do Brasil é disponível, pois indica algo que está ao alcance ou que pode ser obtido. As alternativas "óbvio", "necessário", "implacável" e "avaliável" não se adequam semanticamente ao termo original nem ao contexto da frase, que discute a competição por profissionais qualificados.

Questão 9

Texto para a questão.

“Dear Robert,

I can’t believe I have found your email address, because I thought I’d lost it! It’s been so long we haven’t talked, I feel I have so much to tell you. Do you remember Alex from our high school class? We got married! And we’ve been married for about six years. We have two kids, Lily and Oliver. They’re so lovely! Lily is five and Oliver is two. We moved from Florida right after we had Lily for Alex got a nice job as a chief engineer of a car factory in Chicago and we’ve been living here since then. Chicago is an incredible city. There are many shopping centers, parks, libraries and the nightlife is pretty fun. Of course, after having two kids, Alex and I don’t have plenty of time to go out at night, but we do catch a movie every once in a while, we just have to find a babysitter! I’m still working as a teacher in a primary school very close to our neighborhood. I work in the afternoons and it gives me the opportunity to see the kids in the morning and at night. Alex usually works all day, yet he gets home before I do, so that when I arrive the kids have already taken their showers and are finishing their supper. It’s very rewarding to be a mom, even though I may get worn out at times. So, I heard you run a taco place in central Florida, is that right? Me and my husband love Mexican food and we’re planning on visiting our parents in the city on Thanksgiving. Maybe we could stop by your business and grab a taco! Well, Oliver has just woken up from his afternoon nap and is calling for me! I’m looking forward to hearing from you soon!

Love,

Lucy”

De acordo com o texto acima, as expressões destacadas for, every once in a while e yet podem ser substituídas, sem prejuízo de sentido, respectivamente, por









  • A)because, sometimes, but.
  • B)of, everytime, however.
  • C)so, then, despite.
  • D)to, sometimes, however.
FAZER COMENTÁRIO

A alternativa correta é A)

De acordo com a análise do texto, as substituições corretas para as expressões destacadas são:

A palavra for é utilizada no texto com sentido de "porque", indicando uma razão ou motivo para a mudança para Chicago, equivalendo semanticamente a because.

A expressão every once in a while significa "de vez em quando" ou "ocasionalmente", podendo ser substituída por sometimes sem alterar o sentido original.

O termo yet é empregado como conjunção adversativa com sentido de "mas" ou "porém", correspondendo perfeitamente a but no contexto apresentado.

Portanto, a alternativa correta é: A) because, sometimes, but

Continua após a publicidade..

Questão 10

A man stepped onto the overnight train and told the conductor, “I need you to wake me up  in Philadelphia. I’m a  deep sleeper and can be angry when I get up, but no matter what, I want you to help me make that stop. Here’s $100 to  make sure”.

The conductor agreed. The man  fell asleep, and when he awoke he heard  the announcement  that  the  train was  approaching New York, which meant they had passed Philadelphia a long time ago.  Furious, he ran to the conductor. “I gave you $100 to make sure I got off in Philadelphia, you idiot!”  “Wow,” another passenger said to his traveling companion. “Is that guy mad!”  “Yeah,” his companion replied. “But not half as mad as that guy they forced off the train in Philadelphia.” 

                                                            (English2Go, No 7,The Reader’s Digest Association, 2005. P. 80.) 

In “Here’s $100 to make sure” MAKE SURE is closest in meaning to:

  • A)Stop.
  • B)Help.
  • C)Agree.
  • D)Certify.
  • E)Change.
FAZER COMENTÁRIO

A alternativa correta é D)

Na frase "Here's $100 to make sure", a expressão "make sure" possui significado mais próximo da alternativa D) Certify.

O verbo frasal "make sure" em inglês significa assegurar, garantir ou certificar-se de que algo aconteça. No contexto da história, o passageiro está pagando US$ 100 ao condutor para garantir que ele seja acordado na parada correta (Filadélfia), ou seja, para certificar-se de que esse evento ocorra sem falhas.

As outras alternativas não se adequam semanticamente:
A) Stop - significaria "parar", não correspondendo
B) Help - significaria "ajudar", porém o sentido é mais forte que simples ajuda
C) Agree - significaria "concordar", não se aplicando
E) Change - significaria "mudar", completamente fora de contexto

A piada da história reside justamente no fato de que o condutor interpretou literalmente o pedido para "certificar-se" que o homem descesse na Filadélfia - mesmo que contra sua vontade aparente quando dormindo - enquanto o passageiro esperava apenas ser acordado gentilmente.

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